{"id":509,"date":"2017-01-03T22:19:25","date_gmt":"2017-01-03T22:19:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/?p=509"},"modified":"2018-01-05T13:45:56","modified_gmt":"2018-01-05T13:45:56","slug":"7-satul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/archives\/509","title":{"rendered":"Satul"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Satul<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n
fotografii de <\/span>Andreea Retinschi
\ntext de <\/span>Vintil\u0103 Mih\u0103ilescu<\/span>
\n<\/span>infografic\u00a0de\u00a0Quickdata<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n
\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n

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Uit\u0103m adesea c\u0103 s\u00eentem cea mai rural\u0103 \u0219i agrar\u0103 societate din Europa \u0219i elud\u0103m de regul\u0103 c\u0103, a\u0219a cum spune sociologul Vladimir Pasti, Rom\u00e2nia post-comunist\u0103 a cunoscut, de fapt, dou\u0103 tranzi\u021bii: \u201eRom\u00e2nia a ales politic s\u0103 reconstruiasc\u0103 ruralul pe un sistem de distribu\u0163ie pre-capitalist, bazat pe gospod\u0103ria agricol\u0103 de subzisten\u0163\u0103 plus o economie simpl\u0103 de pia\u0163\u0103 (non-capitalist\u0103), \u00een vreme ce \u00een urban a fost construit un sistem principal de distribu\u0163ie de tip capitalist, \u00een varianta capitalismului neo-liberal, dominat de capitalul str\u0103in. (…) …prin construirea a dou\u0103 sisteme de distribu\u0163ie principale relativ autonome \u00eentre ele, societatea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 a fost practic descompus\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 societ\u0103\u0163i alternative.\u201d Distan\u021ba dintre aceste \u201edou\u0103 Rom\u00e2nii\u201d se m\u0103soar\u0103, ca s\u0103 spunem a\u0219a, \u00een timp: s\u00eentem c\u0103lare pe mai multe decenii, uneori chiar secole, cu ora\u0219e de secol XXI \u0219i sate de secolul XVIII-XIX.<\/p>\n

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mouse over pentru navigare sau click pentru a deschide galeria de fotografii<\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n

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gliseaza pentru mai multe\u00a0fotografii<\/span><\/em><\/h6>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=”yes” row_height_percent=”0″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”0″ top_padding=”0″ bottom_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”0″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”FOTOGRAFII” css=”.vc_custom_1481753206701{padding-top: -100% !important;}”][vc_column column_width_percent=”10″ align_horizontal=”align_center” override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”0″ back_color=”color-xsdn” overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”0″ medium_visibility=”yes” medium_width=”0″ mobile_visibility=”yes” shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][vc_column column_width_percent=”100″ position_vertical=”middle” align_horizontal=”align_center” expand_height=”yes” overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”3″ medium_width=”0″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”2\/3″][vc_gallery el_id=”gallery-26sattttt234234″ type=”carousel” medias=”510,511,512,513,514,515,519,520,521,522,523,524,525″ gallery_back_color=”color-lxmt” carousel_lg=”1″ carousel_md=”1″ carousel_sm=”1″ gutter_size=”1″ media_items=”media|lightbox|original,caption” carousel_type=”fade” carousel_interval=”15000″ carousel_navspeed=”400″ carousel_loop=”yes” carousel_nav=”yes” carousel_dots=”yes” carousel_dots_mobile=”yes” carousel_autoh=”yes” single_text=”under” single_back_color=”color-lxmt” single_overlay_opacity=”50″ single_overlay_anim=”no” single_image_anim=”no” single_v_position=”top” single_reduced=”half” single_h_position=”center” single_padding=”1″ single_text_reduced=”yes” single_title_dimension=”bigtext” single_title_family=”font-319756″ lbox_skin=”white” lbox_dir=”vertical” lbox_caption=”yes” lbox_social=”yes” lbox_no_tmb=”yes”][vc_empty_space empty_h=”0″][\/vc_column][vc_column column_width_percent=”10″ overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”3″ medium_width=”0″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”1\/6″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ back_color=”color-xsdn” overlay_alpha=”95″ gutter_size=”3″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”TEXT”][vc_column column_width_percent=”70″ overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”3″ medium_width=”0″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_column_text]Mai departe, \u00een interiorul spa\u021biului rural, distan\u021bele pot fi \u0219i ele de decenii sau secole, \u00eentre sate cu \u201ecase f\u0103loase\u201d \u0219i c\u0103tune \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00eenite, la limita subzisten\u021bei. O privire, fie ea \u0219i rapid\u0103, asupra acestor decalaje scoate \u00een eviden\u021b\u0103 o situa\u021bie general\u0103 \u00eengrijor\u0103toare:<\/p>\n

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  • Agricultura reprezint\u0103 29 % din ocuparea for\u021bei de munc\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia<\/strong>, \u00eens\u0103 numai 5% din PIB<\/strong>. Ea se practic\u0103 \u00een ferme individuale de subzisten\u0163\u0103, care reprezint\u0103 99,2% dintre exploata\u0163iile agricole din \u0163ara noastr\u0103 \u0219i dintre care 2,6 milioane gospod\u0103rii de\u0163in sub 1 hectar de p\u0103m\u00e2nt; numai restul de 0,80%, care de\u0163in 44% din suprafa\u0163a agricol\u0103, s\u00eent exploata\u0163ii cu personalitate juridic\u0103.<\/li>\n
  • Doar 3,41% din drumurile comunale s\u00eent modernizate<\/strong>, mai mult de 25% dintre comune neput\u00eend utiliza drumurile \u00een perioadele cu precipita\u0163ii<\/strong> \u2013 ceea ce le izoleaz\u0103 \u0219i mai mult de \u201ecealalt\u0103 Rom\u00e2nie\u201d \u0219i faciliteaz\u0103 fenomenul \u201epungilor de s\u0103r\u0103cie\u201d.<\/li>\n
  • Munca salariat\u0103<\/strong> reprezint\u0103 doar 39%<\/strong> din ocuparea for\u021bei de munc\u0103 \u00een zonele rurale, fa\u021b\u0103 de 92 % \u00een zonele urbane, drept care veniturile medii ale unei gospod\u0103rii rurale s\u00eent cam jum\u0103tate din cele ale unei gospod\u0103rii urbane, 55% dintre locuitorii zonelor rurale fiind expu\u0219i riscului de s\u0103r\u0103cie sau de excluziune social\u0103 (\u00een compara\u021bie cu 31% \u00een ora\u0219ele mici \u0219i suburbii \u0219i 28% \u00een ora\u0219ele mari); aproximativ 80 % din beneficiarii asisten\u021bei sociale tr\u0103iesc la sate.<\/li>\n
  • Doar 4% dintre locuitorii satelor au studii superioare, fa\u0163\u0103 de 25,4% \u00een urban; numai<\/strong> 6,5%<\/strong> dintre comune beneficiaz\u0103 de toate formele de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00eent pre-universitar<\/strong>; raportul de locuitori la un medic este de 1417, fa\u0163\u0103 de o medie de 378 locuitori la un doctor \u00een mediul urban, iar \u00een 153 de comune popula\u021bia nu are deloc acces la servicii de s\u0103n\u0103tate<\/li>\n
  • P\u00een\u0103 \u00een prezent, doar pu\u021bin peste 15% din cele 32 de milioane de propriet\u0103\u021bi rurale estimate s\u00eent \u00eenregistrate \u00een baza de date eTerra, ceea ce face ca circula\u021bia propriet\u0103\u021bii funciare s\u0103 fie \u00eenc\u0103, legal, foarte limitat\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0218i lista ar putea continua, ad\u0103ug\u00eend \u0219i faptul c\u0103 aceste decalaje \u0219i inechit\u0103\u021bi par s\u0103 creasc\u0103 \u0219i nu s\u0103 descreasc\u0103. Mai grav, o eventual\u0103 modernizare rapid\u0103 \u0219i intens\u0103 a agriculturii ar reduce pe m\u0103sur\u0103 volumul for\u021bei de munc\u0103 necesar, f\u0103c\u00eend intolerabil social uria\u0219ul \u0219omaj (mascat) deja existent.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”3″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”INFOGRAFIC”][vc_column width=”1\/1″][vc_single_image media=”945″ media_width_percent=”100″ alignment=”center”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ back_color=”color-xsdn” overlay_alpha=”95″ gutter_size=”3″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”TEXT”][vc_column column_width_percent=”70″ overlay_alpha=”50″ gutter_size=”3″ medium_width=”0″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

    Ce mai caracterizeaz\u0103 atunci \u201esatul\u201d\u00a0actual \u0219i \u201e\u021b\u0103ranii\u201d s\u0103i?<\/p>\n

    Un r\u0103spuns posibil ar fi gospod\u0103ria. Dar nu ca locuin\u021b\u0103 cu acareturile ei aferente, ci ca mod de via\u021b\u0103, ca strategie domestic\u0103. \u00cen literatura de specialitate se vorbe\u0219te de mult despre householding ca principiu economic specific societ\u0103\u021bilor \u021b\u0103r\u0103ne\u0219ti \u00een general. Noi vorbim despre agricultur\u0103\/economie de (semi)subzisten\u021b\u0103 sau, eventual, despre economie domestic\u0103. Dar nu este vorba doar despre economie \u0219i calcule pragmatice, ci \u0219i despre strategii flexibile de (re)distribuire a muncii<\/strong>, consumului<\/strong> \u0219i, nu \u00een ultimul r\u00eend, a suportului afectiv<\/strong> \u00eentre membrii unei re\u021bele domestice bazate pe rudenie. S\u0103-i spunem unitate de gospod\u0103rire. Iat\u0103 c\u00eeteva ilustr\u0103ri din…S\u0103teni, un sat inventat, dar cu gospod\u0103rii reale:<\/p>\n

    S\u0103teni este un sat de deal. \u00cen comunism, cam o treime din localnici lucra \u00een fabricile din ora\u0219ele \u00eenvecinate, dar dup\u0103 c\u0103derea comunismului majoritatea au r\u0103mas f\u0103r\u0103 locuri de munc\u0103 \u0219i s-au \u00eentors \u00een sat, de unde 40% au plecat cur\u00eend mai departe \u00een c\u0103utare de lucru \u0219i condi\u021bii mai bune de via\u021b\u0103. \u00cen zona lor a \u00eenflorit \u00eens\u0103 turismul, astfel \u00eenc\u00eet cei care au reu\u0219it s\u0103-\u0219i legalizeze mai repede vechile lor acte de posesiune f\u0103cute \u201ede m\u00een\u0103\u201d au putut s\u0103 v\u00eend\u0103 teren unor oameni mai boga\u021bi de la ora\u0219 \u0219i s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 bani buni pe el. Le-a r\u0103mas \u0219i o parte din p\u0103m\u00eenturile ob\u0219tei, re\u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 2000. APIA le-a adus \u0219i ni\u0219te finan\u021b\u0103ri ca sprijin \u00een agricultur\u0103, dar pu\u021bini s\u00eent cei care \u00een\u021beleg cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 acestea, iar unora, mai \u00eentreprinz\u0103tori, nu prea le convin constr\u00eengerile care vin la pachet cu subven\u021biile. \u00cen acest context general, diferitele gospod\u0103rii s-au descurcat \u0219i au procedat diferit:<\/p>\n

    Gospod\u0103ria lui Vasile. Vasile este cioban din tat\u0103 \u00een fiu. A reu\u0219it s\u0103 v\u00eend\u0103 ni\u0219te teren la pre\u021b bun, a investit totul \u00een oi \u0219i a intrat pe pia\u021ba emergent\u0103 de \u201eproduse tradi\u021bionale\u201d. Cu banii ob\u021binu\u021bi astfel \u0219i-a ridicat o pensiune, dar a abandonat-o, neput\u00eend face fa\u021b\u0103 pe ambele fronturi; acum a declarat-o \u00eenchis\u0103, ca s\u0103 nu mai pl\u0103teasc\u0103 taxe, \u0219i o \u00eenchiriaz\u0103 doar \u201ela prieteni\u201d. So\u021bia lucreaz\u0103 cot la cot cu el, b\u0103iatul a renun\u021bat la \u0219coal\u0103 pentru a intra \u00een afacerea de familie, \u00een timp ce fata a ales s\u0103 plece la universitate, dar vine s\u0103-i ajute \u00een fiecare vacan\u021b\u0103. \u00cempreun\u0103 au c\u00ee\u0219tigat un proiect PNADR, dar acum nu mai \u0219tiu cum s\u0103 o scoat\u0103 la cap\u0103t: contractul le cere s\u0103 creasc\u0103 mai multe oi dec\u00eet \u00ee\u0219i pot permite.<\/p>\n

    Gospod\u0103ria lui Marin. Marin este func\u021bionar la prim\u0103rie, so\u021bia lui a devenit casnic\u0103 dup\u0103 ce fabrica la care lucra s-a \u00eenchis iar b\u0103iatul a plecat la munc\u0103 \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate. Rela\u021biile la prim\u0103rie i-au permis lui Marin s\u0103-\u0219i fac\u0103 rapid actele de proprietate \u0219i s\u0103 v\u00eend\u0103 cea mai mare parte a terenului bunicilor s\u0103i unei familii din Bucure\u0219ti. Cu banii ob\u021binu\u021bi \u0219i cu cei trimi\u0219i de b\u0103iat din str\u0103in\u0103tate, au construit o cas\u0103 mare pentru b\u0103iat, dar acesta s-a c\u0103s\u0103torit \u00een Spania \u0219i nu a mai venit de cinci ani \u00een \u021bar\u0103. Acum folosesc casa ca pensiune, de care se ocup\u0103 so\u021bia \u0219i mama acesteia. Marin pl\u0103te\u0219te unor vecini romi s\u0103 coseasc\u0103 gr\u0103dina \u201ebucure\u0219tenilor\u201d (adic\u0103 fostul s\u0103u teren), folose\u0219te f\u00eenul la crescutul c\u00eetorva vaci \u0219i oi, de care se ocup\u0103 un v\u0103r \u0219i, \u00eempreun\u0103, v\u00eend produsele turi\u0219tilor \u0219i la t\u00eergul duminical din apropiere. Soacra sa a mo\u0219tenit ni\u0219te dramuri \u00een ob\u0219te \u0219i ceea ce prime\u0219te pe ele este pus la comun.<\/p>\n

    Gospod\u0103ria lui Ion. Ion a fost muncitor categoria VI la o fabric\u0103 din ora\u0219ul \u00eenvecinat, so\u021bia sa fiind casnic\u0103. \u00cen 1992, fabrica s-a \u00eenchis, Ion nu a mai g\u0103sit de lucru iar cei doi copii s-au a\u0219ezat la casele lor \u00een dou\u0103 ora\u0219e diferite. Ar vrea s\u0103 v\u00eend\u0103 terenul ca s\u0103 fac\u0103 rost de bani, dar acum nu-l mai cump\u0103r\u0103 nimeni. Au mai r\u0103mas cu trei vaci. Ion cose\u0219te f\u00eenul, so\u021bia se ocup\u0103 de vaci \u0219i \u00eempreun\u0103 fac ceva br\u00eenz\u0103 pe care so\u021bia o vinde pe sub m\u00een\u0103 la hotelul unde s-a angajat cu jum\u0103tate de norm\u0103. Mai d\u0103 o parte din lapte unor rude care au copii mici \u0219i care le dau \u00een schimb fructe de p\u0103dure. So\u021bia lui Ion face dulce\u021buri pe care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 le plaseze tot la hotel. Una peste alta, s-ar descurca, dar duc \u00een permanen\u021b\u0103 lips\u0103 de bani iar Ion, care nu-\u0219i mai g\u0103se\u0219te rostul, s-a apucat de b\u0103utur\u0103.<\/p>\n

    Forma rural\u0103 a distinc\u021biei sociale, gospod\u0103ria<\/strong> r\u0103m\u00eene exemplar\u0103 \u0219i ast\u0103zi pentru satul rom\u00e2nesc. De asemenea, r\u0103m\u00eene cea mai adecvat\u0103 strategie c\u0103ci, redistribuind flexibil, dup\u0103 posibilit\u0103\u021bi \u0219i oportunit\u0103\u021bi, munca, consumul \u0219i suportul moral, r\u0103m\u00eene o plas\u0103 de siguran\u021b\u0103 \u00een vremuri tulburi. \u00cen sf\u00eer\u0219it, \u00een \u0219i prin aceste \u201eunit\u0103\u021bi de gospod\u0103rire\u201d se produce noua stratificare social\u0103 a satului rom\u00e2nesc, de la noii s\u0103raci la noii \u00eenst\u0103ri\u021bi; bog\u0103\u021bia nu a ajuns \u00eenc\u0103 la sat.<\/p>\n

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    [vc_row unlock_row_content=”yes” row_height_percent=”100″ back_image=”517″ parallax=”yes” overlay_alpha=”65″ gutter_size=”3″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”SUS”][vc_column column_width_percent=”40″ position_horizontal=”left” position_vertical=”bottom” overlay_alpha=”25″ gutter_size=”3″ medium_width=”0″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_column_text] Satul […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":43257,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[95],"tags":[99],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=509"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":43538,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/509\/revisions\/43538"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/43257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=509"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=509"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=509"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}