{"id":48579,"date":"2024-02-06T21:05:43","date_gmt":"2024-02-06T21:05:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/?p=48579"},"modified":"2024-02-10T17:47:41","modified_gmt":"2024-02-10T17:47:41","slug":"printre-nisipuri-roditoare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/archives\/48579","title":{"rendered":"Printre nisipuri roditoare"},"content":{"rendered":"

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<\/h1>\n

EPISODUL 5 :<\/h1>\n

PRINTRE NISIPURI RODITOARE<\/h1>\n

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Un material de Ioana Moldovan \u0219i Andrei Pungovschi.<\/h6>\n

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Pe brazda din care pale de v\u00e2nt ridic\u0103 pe alocuri solul nisipos, zeci de m\u00e2ini scot la suprafa\u021b\u0103 ni\u0219te corpuri neregulate, rozalii, cu mici gropi\u021be din care le ies r\u0103d\u0103cinile. R\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een\u0219irate pe terenul uscat \u0219i deschis la culoare, \u00een b\u0103taia soarelui. De parc\u0103 o mare de cartofi dulci a ie\u0219it la plaj\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eAsta este principala noastr\u0103 misiune, s\u0103 facem ca aceste nisipuri s\u0103 rodeasc\u0103\u201d, spune Aurelia Diaconu, cercet\u0103toare \u0219i directoare a Sta\u021biunii de cercetare dezvoltare pentru cultura plantelor pe nisipuri din D\u0103buleni, jude\u021bul Dolj. Proiectul a fost ini\u021biat \u00een 1959, pornind cu Centrul experimental Bechet, iar Diaconu \u00eel conduce din 2006.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201eNisipul aici a fost dintotdeauna, aici a r\u0103mas. El nu se deplaseaz\u0103\u201d, spune directoarea, f\u0103c\u00e2nd referire la \u00eentreb\u0103ri pe care le-a primit de-a lungul timpului despre \u201eextinderea de\u0219ertific\u0103rii\u201d. \u201eNumai c\u0103 noi trebuie s\u0103 contracar\u0103m efectul factorilor limitativi.\u201d<\/p>\n

La factorii limitativi din zon\u0103, Diaconu enumer\u0103 temperaturile ridicate din timpul verii \u2013 ar\u0219i\u021ba <\/span>\u2013, lipsa apei \u0219i umiditatea sc\u0103zut\u0103 \u2013 pentru c\u0103 apa din precipita\u021bii nu asigur\u0103 optimul pentru niciuna dintre speciile care se cultiv\u0103 aici \u2013, \u0219i defla\u021bia eolian\u0103, cu v\u00e2nturi care bat mai mult de jum\u0103tate din zilele anului \u0219i antreneaz\u0103 solurile nisipoase, slab structurate. \u201eDar nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 se duc spre Bucure\u0219ti\u201d, adaug\u0103 ea z\u00e2mbind.<\/p>\n

\u201eCe fac cercet\u0103torii?\u201d, continu\u0103 Diaconu. \u201eAu demonstrat c\u0103 dac\u0103 combatem seceta prin ap\u0103, aduc\u00e2nd apa, dac\u0103 combatem efectul v\u00e2ntului prin perdele de protec\u021bie, dac\u0103 alegem speciile potrivite care s\u0103 reziste la temperaturile ridicate, atunci e totul ok.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Pe cele 3.000 de hectare ale sta\u021biunii, s-au testat tot felul de specii noi pentru zon\u0103, unele \u0219i pentru Rom\u00e2nia: curmal chinezesc \u2013 jujuba \u2013, kaki, m\u0103slin, kiwi, banana nordului, goji, aronia. Dintre acestea, se deta\u0219eaz\u0103 clar curmalul \u0219i kaki. M\u0103slinul a supravie\u021buit, dar a rodit pu\u021bin, pentru c\u0103 are nevoie de o perioad\u0103 mai lung\u0103 de adaptare. \u201e\u0218i dac\u0103 ai o specie care se comport\u0103 bine, tot e un c\u00e2\u0219tig\u201d, spune Diaconu.<\/p>\n

Pentru cercet\u0103tori, provocarea a fost analiza particularit\u0103\u021bilor biologice ale fiec\u0103rei specii, la ce temperaturi minime \u0219i maxime rezist\u0103, care dintre ele rezist\u0103 \u0219i accidentelor climatice, cum ar fi brumele t\u00e2rzii la \u00eenceput de aprilie sau temperaturile ridicate toamna \u0219i iarna, care \u00eentrerup c\u0103lirea pomilor. Nu le-au ales f\u0103r\u0103 o documentare riguroas\u0103 \u00eenainte.<\/p>\n

Dulcele cartof<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

L\u0103di\u021be peste l\u0103di\u021be pline cu cartofi dulci stau \u00een\u0219irate la ad\u0103postul unei sere din fa\u021ba cl\u0103dirii principale a sta\u021biunii. Sunt de tot felul de culori, unii mov \u00eenchis, al\u021bii mai rozalii, unii albicio\u0219i, al\u021bii mai galbeni. \u00cen anumite l\u0103di\u021be, etichete marcheaz\u0103 soiul plantat, solul folosit \u0219i alte informa\u021bii codificate prin litere \u0219i cifre.<\/p>\n

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\u201eLa legumicultur\u0103 am introdus o specie nou\u0103, cartoful dulce sau batatul, care se comport\u0103 foarte bine \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103\u201d, spune Diaconu. \u201eOb\u021binem produc\u021bii de peste 20 de tone pe hectar, ceea ce este un real c\u00e2\u0219tig pentru zon\u0103. La gr\u00e2u nu po\u021bi s\u0103 ob\u021bii mai mult de o ton\u0103 jum\u0103tate, dou\u0103 tone, cu eforturi\u201d, adaug\u0103 ea.<\/p>\n

\u00ce\u0219i aduce aminte de prima dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd a prezentat cartoful dulce la o expozi\u021bie. Mul\u021bi oameni \u00eentrebau: \u201ece e asta, o sfecl\u0103?\u201d. Le explica ce \u0219i cum. La urm\u0103toarea expozi\u021bie, a copt cartofi dulci \u0219i i-a t\u0103iat rondele. Impactul a fost altul: \u201eUau, ave\u021bi un \u0219erve\u021bel? S\u0103 iau \u0219i pentru so\u021bie. N-am mai m\u00e2ncat a\u0219a ceva\u201d. Dup\u0103 aceea, s-a dus cu caserole cu cartofi de diferite culori. \u00centre timp, sta\u021biunea m\u0103rise colec\u021bia de soiuri. A dus \u0219i mov, \u0219i galben, \u0219i alb, \u0219i le d\u0103dea oamenilor caserole pentru acas\u0103. Iar oamenii au venit apoi s\u0103 ia c\u00e2teva fire de cartof s\u0103 \u00eei planteze acas\u0103, unii \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103, al\u021bii chiar \u00een ghiveci pe balcon.<\/p>\n

\u201eA\u0219a p\u0103trund rezultatele, u\u0219or, u\u0219or\u201d, spune directoarea sta\u021biunii de cercetare. \u201eTreptat, conving\u00e2nd cultivatorul prin puterea exemplului, prin demonstra\u021bii. Rezultatele \u00een agricultur\u0103 nu se v\u0103d de la un an la altul, acum am testat \u0219i gata, le g\u0103sesc \u00een cultur\u0103. Trebuie s\u0103 treac\u0103 ni\u0219te ani.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u201eNoi nu ne-am g\u00e2ndit c\u00e2nd am plantat s\u0103 fie ceva de profit, ca \u0219i o afacere. Noi am luat s\u0103 fie pentru cas\u0103, s\u0103 avem pentru consumul nostru propriu\u201d, spune Iuliana Popescu. Mam\u0103 a dou\u0103 fete, Iuliana s-a n\u0103scut \u00een D\u0103buleni acum 50 de ani. Familia ei s-a ocupat cu agricultura, cultiv\u00e2nd cel mai mult pepeni. Pe sola (n.a. suprafa\u021ba de teren cultivat\u0103 cu aceea\u0219i specie de plante agricole) nisipoas\u0103 din c\u00e2mp au plantat \u0219i ceva legume, pentru consumul casei: ardei, ro\u0219ii. De anul trecut \u0219i cartof dulce. \u201eCel mai bine a mers cu cartoful dulce, cu arahidele, pe c\u00e2nd la ardei, la ro\u0219ii, nu m-a ajutat at\u00e2t de bine p\u0103m\u00e2ntul de acolo. La dezvoltarea cartofului a mers mult mai bine p\u0103m\u00e2ntul acela mai sl\u0103bu\u021b, mai nisipos\u201d, spune ea.<\/p>\n

Poveste\u0219te c\u0103 cercet\u0103torii de la sta\u021biune au f\u0103cut anun\u021b pentru cei interesa\u021bi, s\u0103 vin\u0103 s\u0103 cumpere cartof dulce, s\u0103 planteze \u0219i pe suprafe\u021be mai mari, s\u0103-\u0219i fac\u0103 o mic\u0103 afacere. \u201eA\u0219a, a fost toat\u0103 lumea, poate era curioas\u0103, interesat\u0103 ca s\u0103 \u00eencerce, dar s-a limitat fiecare la c\u00e2t \u0219i-a permis s\u0103 investeasc\u0103. \u0218i chiar duc bine, problema e c\u0103 nu e lumea obi\u0219nuit\u0103 cu consumul prea mult \u0219i, la fel, nu prea au unde s\u0103 v\u00e2nd\u0103\u201d, spune Iuliana.<\/p>\n

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De c\u00e2nd s-au \u00eemboln\u0103vit p\u0103rin\u021bii Iulianei \u0219i necesit\u0103 \u00eengrijire, familia s-a l\u0103sat de agricultur\u0103. Nu mai puteau s\u0103 plece la pia\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i v\u00e2nd\u0103 marfa, a\u0219a c\u0103 au renun\u021bat. So\u021bul ei lucreaz\u0103 acum la magazinul de utilaje agricole din localitate. Cultiv\u0103 \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103 doar ce au nevoie \u00een cas\u0103. Restul terenului l-au dat \u00een arend\u0103. \u201eNu ne-a mai convenit, nu mai aveam din ce ne \u021bine cu agricultura, c\u0103 era investi\u021bia mare \u0219i noi nu scoteam nimic, nimic\u201d, spune ea. Adaug\u0103 c\u0103 cei care le lucreaz\u0103 p\u0103m\u00e2ntul nu prea reu\u0219esc s\u0103 acopere ce au investit \u0219i nu scot destul c\u00e2t s\u0103 le mai dea \u0219i lor.<\/p>\n

\u201eDe c\u00e2nd cu seceta, au v\u0103zut c\u0103 nu prea le mai merge cu bostanele \u0219i au \u00eenceput s\u0103 renun\u021be\u201d, spune Iuliana despre oamenii din D\u0103buleni. \u201e\u00cenainte, orice familie punea bostan. Era lege. Toat\u0103 lumea avea bostan \u0219i solare cu ro\u0219ii. De c\u00e2nd cu seceta, au renun\u021bat, c\u0103 se uitau c\u0103 era investi\u021bia mare, c\u00e2\u0219tigul mic.\u201d Cei cu solariile, adaug\u0103 ea, mai rezist\u0103 doar datorit\u0103 subven\u021biilor de la stat.<\/p>\n

\u201eCu \u00eenc\u0103lzirea asta, schimbarea anotimpurilor, nu prea ne favorizeaz\u0103\u201d, continu\u0103 Iuliana. \u201eNe-a dat pe cei cu agricultura peste cap cu totul.\u201d Explic\u0103 cum fermierii nu mai \u0219tiu cum s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 de perioada calendaristic\u0103, pentru c\u0103 nu mai \u0219tiu ce \u0219i c\u00e2nd s\u0103 planteze. C\u0103 nu pot preg\u0103ti terenurile din cauza secetei \u0219i sper\u0103 doar s\u0103 plou\u0103, s\u0103 mai \u00eenmoaie p\u0103m\u00e2ntul. C\u0103 majoritatea au renun\u021bat la ar\u0103turi, fiindc\u0103 plugul nu mai intr\u0103 \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt \u0219i recurg la dou\u0103 discuieli ca s\u0103 intre cu\u021bitele. Iar produc\u021bia scade, solul nefiind preg\u0103tit cum trebuie.<\/p>\n

\u201eLa noi, care tr\u0103iam mai mult din agricultur\u0103, s-a sim\u021bit asta\u201d, spune ea. \u201eLa fel cu animalele. La \u00eenceput aveam vaci, era iarb\u0103 pe c\u00e2mp, aveau ce m\u00e2nca. Acum, de la secet\u0103, bietele animale nu mai au ce m\u00e2nca. \u00cencet, \u00eencet, to\u021bi am renun\u021bat la ele, pe la noi pe aici nu mai e o vac\u0103. Pe c\u00e2nd \u00eenainte era un om care le lua, mergea cu ele, le p\u0103\u0219tea \u0219i<\/span> le luam seara acas\u0103. Acum, n-au unde s\u0103 duc\u0103 s\u0103 le mai pasc\u0103. E usc\u0103tur\u0103 de la secet\u0103, nu mai este verde nimic.\u201d<\/p>\n

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S\u0103 nu mai vorbim senza\u021bionalist despre de\u0219ertificare<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u201eSunt valuri de c\u0103ldur\u0103 din ce \u00een ce mai frecvente, mai intense, cu durata mai mare\u201d, spune Roxana Bojariu, climatolog \u0219i coordonator al Sec\u021biei de climatologie la Administra\u021bia Na\u021bional\u0103 de Meteorologie. \u201e\u0218i avem zone predispuse. Exist\u0103 zone natural mai vulnerabile la secet\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, datorit\u0103 caracteristicilor locale, tipului de sol, climei locale, numai c\u0103 schimbarea climei vine \u0219i accentueaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 vulnerabilitate deja existent\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Printre aceste zone se num\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i sudul Olteniei. Cu mai mult de 150.000 de hectare de terenuri nisipoase, uscate, a ajuns s\u0103 fie denumit \u00een pres\u0103 \u201eSahara Rom\u00e2niei\u201d. La degradarea solurilor din zon\u0103, speciali\u0219tii spun c\u0103 au contribuit \u0219i defri\u0219\u0103rile masive. Conform datelor oficiale, Doljul este unul dintre jude\u021bele cu cele mai mici suprafe\u021be de p\u0103dure, sub 12%.<\/p>\n

\u0218i totu\u0219i, Bojariu spune c\u0103 \u201ese exagereaz\u0103 foarte mult cu de\u0219ertificarea\u201d. \u201eE o problem\u0103, dar de\u0219ertificarea nu este un fenomen care s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 strict de factorul climatic.\u201d Ne explic\u0103 ce este de fapt de\u0219ertificarea: degradarea ireversibil\u0103 a solului, ce nu mai poate sus\u021bine vegeta\u021bia. Iar la asta contribuie mul\u021bi factori: dac\u0103 se cultiv\u0103 plante cu cerin\u021b\u0103 mare de ap\u0103 \u00een zon\u0103, dac\u0103 nu se rotesc culturile, dac\u0103 nu mai exist\u0103 perdelele de arbori care asigurau ciclul local al apei, dac\u0103 se folosesc chimicale. Toate acestea reduc fertilitatea solului, \u0219i el un ecosistem cu conexiuni \u0219i echilibre complexe, iar \u00een cele din urm\u0103 acesta nu mai poate sus\u021bine via\u021ba.<\/p>\n

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\u201eMult depinde \u0219i de noi cum gestion\u0103m resursele locale\u201d, continu\u0103 Bojariu. Ar trebui s\u0103 o facem cu \u00een\u021belepciune. \u201eImpacturile schimb\u0103rii climei depind foarte mult \u0219i de ac\u021biunea local\u0103, care poate s\u0103 vin\u0103 s\u0103 limiteze sau din contr\u0103, s\u0103 amplifice efectul. \u0218i aici e nevoie de adaptare foarte mare.\u201d<\/p>\n

La sta\u021biunea de cercetare, Aurelia Diaconu nici nu vrea s\u0103 aud\u0103 cuvintele \u201ede\u0219ertificare\u201d sau \u201eSahara Rom\u00e2niei\u201d. \u201eZona nu e una s\u0103rac\u0103, e una extraordinar\u0103 dac\u0103 este exploatat\u0103 cum trebuie\u201d, spune ea, frustrat\u0103 de abordarea senza\u021bionalist\u0103 a unei situa\u021bii cu care directoarea se confrunt\u0103 \u00een fiecare zi. \u201eDeci nu trebuie s\u0103 ne pl\u00e2ngem aici e de\u0219ertul, a venit de\u0219ertul, ne punem m\u00e2inile \u00een cap, \u00eencepem s\u0103 jelim \u0219i s\u0103 ne mut\u0103m \u00een alt\u0103 parte. Nu \u0219tiu unde s\u0103 ne ducem.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Kiwi de Oltenia<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00centr-o curte din Rus\u0103ne\u0219ti, sub o bolt\u0103 din fa\u021ba casei, sute de fructe maronii se \u00eenghesuie pe ni\u0219te vi\u021be lungi, lemnoase, asem\u0103n\u0103toare lianelor. De dimensiunea unui pumn de copil mic, sunt prea mari pentru a fi struguri. Mai de aproape, recuno\u0219ti fructul pe care l-ai v\u0103zut mereu doar \u00een supermarket sau la pia\u021b\u0103, niciodat\u0103 \u00een arbust. Kiwi. Kiwi \u00een Oltenia.<\/p>\n

\u201eAm v\u0103zut culturile respective \u00een Italia \u0219i ne-am dorit \u0219i noi\u201d, spune Adrian Mul\u021bescu. \u201eA fost \u0219i o provocare, pentru c\u0103 ne-am dorit s\u0103 vedem dac\u0103 se aclimatizeaz\u0103 pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei. Le avem \u00een cultur\u0103 de vreo \u0219apte ani, cu produc\u021bie de vreo patru ani\u201d, spune el despre plantele de kiwi ce i-au acaparat curtea.<\/p>\n

Mul\u021bescu are 58 de ani \u0219i este de profesie inginer horticol. A crescut de mic \u00een sistemul legumicol, p\u0103rin\u021bii lui au cultivat legume de c\u00e2nd se \u0219tie. \u201eAm crescut, am tr\u0103it printre ele, am muncit \u00een sistemul \u0103sta de cultur\u0103, pentru c\u0103 \u00een vacan\u021be ne foloseau la muncile astea de legumicultur\u0103. Din iner\u021bie, am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat sistemul legumicol al culturilor. M-am \u00eendr\u0103gostit\u201d, \u00ee\u0219i aminte\u0219te el.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=”yes” row_height_percent=”100″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”0″ top_padding=”0″ bottom_padding=”0″ back_image=”48597″ back_attachment=”fixed” back_position=”center center” overlay_alpha=”0″ gutter_size=”3″ column_width_percent=”100″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_visibility=”yes” mobile_visibility=”yes” row_name=”TEXT” uncode_shortcode_id=”352801″][vc_column column_width_percent=”25″ position_vertical=”middle” align_horizontal=”align_center” gutter_size=”3″ override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_empty_space empty_h=”5″][vc_empty_space empty_h=”5″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=”yes” row_height_percent=”100″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”0″ top_padding=”0″ bottom_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”0″ gutter_size=”3″ column_width_percent=”100″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ desktop_visibility=”yes” row_name=”TEXT” uncode_shortcode_id=”176873″][vc_column column_width_percent=”25″ position_vertical=”middle” align_horizontal=”align_center” gutter_size=”3″ override_padding=”yes” column_padding=”0″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_single_image media=”48597″ media_width_percent=”100″ media_ratio=”sixteen-nine” alignment=”center” uncode_shortcode_id=”545068″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_height_percent=”0″ override_padding=”yes” h_padding=”2″ top_padding=”0″ bottom_padding=”5″ overlay_color=”color-xsdn” overlay_alpha=”90″ gutter_size=”3″ shift_y=”0″ row_name=”TEXT”][vc_column column_width_percent=”65″ gutter_size=”3″ overlay_alpha=”50″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ medium_width=”0″ width=”1\/1″][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text uncode_shortcode_id=”804166″]<\/p>\nhttps:\/\/www.documentaria.ro\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/clima-audio-ep-5-adrian-mult\u0326escu.wav<\/a><\/audio>\n

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Dup\u0103 revolu\u021bie a avut oportunitatea de a-\u0219i deschide propria afacere. Era cumva de la sine \u00een\u021beles c\u0103 va fi \u00een cultura legumelor. Azi, afacerea de familie const\u0103 \u00een dou\u0103 hectare de sere \u0219i solarii, cultur\u0103 protejat\u0103, \u0219i mai lucreaz\u0103 \u00eentre 10 \u0219i 20 de hectare de legume \u00een c\u00e2mp, \u00een func\u021bie de an. Are doi b\u0103ie\u021bi mari care \u00eel ajut\u0103 pe partea de comer\u021b, \u0219i doi nepo\u021bi, c\u00e2te unul de la fiecare fiu.<\/p>\n

Mul\u021bescu a fost tot timpul interesat de plantele mediteraneene. A \u00eencercat de-a lungul timpului cu m\u0103slini, portocali, mandarini, plante la ghiveci. A adus din Turcia un smochin de cultur\u0103, altoit, pe care l-a plantat \u00een c\u00e2mp. A \u021binut doi ani. \u00cen al treilea, c\u00e2nd a venit o iarn\u0103 cu temperaturi de minus 28, arbustul a \u00eenghe\u021bat. \u0218i-a dat seama atunci c\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 nu erau condi\u021bii propice culturii acestor plante. Verile au fost mereu extrem de c\u0103lduroase \u00een zon\u0103, dar iernile cu geruri nu l\u0103sau loc de diversificare. \u00cen prezent, lucrurile s-au schimbat \u00eens\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cen ultimii ani exist\u0103 o tendin\u021b\u0103 de cre\u0219tere a temperaturilor, se vede \u0219i pe plan global, nu numai \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. \u00cen sudul jude\u021bului Olt \u00een special, \u00een Oltenia, \u00een ultimii 7-8 ani, temperaturile de pe timpul iernii n-au sc\u0103zut mai mult de minus 10 grade\u201d, spune inginerul. \u201eTemperaturile de minus 10 grade sunt propice \u0219i plantelor pe care le-a\u021bi v\u0103zut. Kiwi, de exemplu, iube\u0219te temperatura asta. Deci, nu mai exist\u0103 risc ca ea s\u0103 se deterioreze pe timp de iarn\u0103.\u201d<\/p>\n

Adaug\u0103 c\u0103 datorit\u0103 acestor schimb\u0103ri au \u00eenceput s\u0103 apar\u0103 \u0219i din ce \u00een ce mai mul\u021bi smochini \u00een cur\u021bile oamenilor. Aproape fiecare gospod\u0103rie are c\u00e2te un arbust care face fructe frumoase. Deocamdat\u0103 majoritatea \u00eei planteaz\u0103 pentru consumul propriu, dar pentru Mul\u021bescu este un semn c\u0103 \u00eencet-\u00eencet pot opta pentru o alternativ\u0103 la culturile autohtone, cele pe care le \u0219tiu de foarte mult timp.<\/p>\n

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\u201eNoi facem legumicultur\u0103 \u00een zona asta din 1991. Am fost martorii schimb\u0103rilor climatice an de an, pas cu pas\u201d, spune el. Vede \u00een noile soiuri de plante o op\u021biune de completare a unor culturi care nu mai fac fa\u021b\u0103. \u201ePentru c\u0103 observ\u0103m la culturile \u00een c\u00e2mp de legume, \u00een special ardeiul \u0219i v\u00e2n\u0103ta, pepenele verde, pepenele galben, au probleme datorit\u0103 ar\u0219i\u021bei de pe timpul verii, c\u00e2nd temperaturile fa\u021b\u0103 de anii din spate au crescut mult mai mult. Dar nu numai asta, ne lovim de umiditate sc\u0103zut\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103. Deci secet\u0103 foarte mare, umiditate sc\u0103zut\u0103 \u00een atmosfer\u0103, temperaturi ridicate \u2013 toate cumulate duc c\u0103tre o temperatur\u0103 de de\u0219ert. De aia \u00een sudul Olteniei se vorbe\u0219te de de\u0219ertificare.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u021aine s\u0103 men\u021bioneze c\u0103 temperaturi ridicate au mai fost \u0219i \u00een trecut. Diferen\u021ba acum o face nivelul de umiditate din aer. Pe vremuri, existau foarte multe p\u0103duri, foarte multe perdele forestiere, \u00een special \u00een zona nisipoas\u0103, dar nu numai. Aproape fiecare parcel\u0103 era \u00eenconjurat\u0103 de aceste perdele de protec\u021bie. Au disp\u0103rut, \u201epentru c\u0103 a\u0219a a fost politica, li s-a permis oamenilor s\u0103 taie perdele de protec\u021bie pentru lemnul pe care l-au ob\u021binut de acolo\u201d, spune el cu m\u00e2hnire. Vorbe\u0219te \u0219i de canalele de iriga\u021bii care erau peste tot. \u0218i acestea au fost distruse.<\/p>\n

\u201eToate astea creau un microclimat, mult mai propice \u0219i mult mai adecvat culturii plantelor autohtone. \u00cen lipsa lor, plantele respective deja \u00eencep s\u0103 nu mai fac\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103, s\u0103 aib\u0103 probleme.\u201d Vorbele lui ne aduc aminte de ce spuneau at\u00e2t Bojariu, c\u00e2t \u0219i Diaconu, despre gestionarea \u00een\u021beleapt\u0103 a resurselor locale.<\/p>\n

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Mul\u021bescu adaug\u0103 c\u0103 dac\u0103 cre\u0219terea temperaturilor continu\u0103, este o oportunitate pentru horticultori s\u0103 introduc\u0103 \u00een cultur\u0103 plante mediteraneene. \u201eDac\u0103 m\u0103 g\u00e2ndesc bine la cultura de kiwi, cred c\u0103 este una din culturile foarte rentabile, pentru c\u0103 produc\u021bia pe hectar este foarte mare\u201d, spune el.\u00a0 <\/span>\u201e\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, de exemplu, tot ce este fruct de kiwi este din import, ori noi cu produc\u021bia cu totul, cred c\u0103 am avea foarte multe avantaje, o deschidere foarte mare.\u201d<\/p>\n

Din cei cinci arbu\u0219ti de kiwi <\/span>\u2013 patru plante femele \u0219i un mascul, pentru c\u0103 este nevoie de polenizare, ne explic\u0103 Mul\u021bescu \u2013 scoate \u00een jur de 400 de kilograme pe an. Deocamdat\u0103 nu s-a g\u00e2ndit s\u0103 le scoat\u0103 la v\u00e2nzare. Le \u021bine pentru consumul familiei \u0219i d\u0103 la prieteni, c\u0103 nu pot consuma at\u00e2t. \u201ePentru noi este suficient s\u0103 o putem oferi \u0219i la prieteni, dar realiz\u0103m c\u0103, \u00eentr-adev\u0103r, \u00een Rom\u00e2nia se poate introduce cultura de kiwi, datorit\u0103 faptului c\u0103 deja clima s-a schimbat, iar planta rezist\u0103 \u0219i se adapteaz\u0103 perfect la condi\u021biile actuale de clim\u0103 din \u021bara noastr\u0103\u201d, spune inginerul.<\/p>\n

Curtea \u0219i curmalul<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

O alt\u0103 cultur\u0103 pe care o mai vede adaptat\u0103 la condi\u021biile din sudul Rom\u00e2niei, \u0219i dup\u0103 calculele lui economice, \u0219i una rentabil\u0103, este cea de smochini. \u201eDar \u00eentotdeauna, cred c\u0103 puterea exemplului este cea mai important\u0103\u201d, conchide el. \u201eDac\u0103 cineva introduce \u00een cultur\u0103 ceva nou, ceilal\u021bi \u00eel urmeaz\u0103, pentru c\u0103 v\u0103d beneficiile. Eu cred c\u0103 urm\u0103toarele culturi mediteraneene vor fi introduse numai prin puterea exemplului.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Un exemplu vrea s\u0103 dea \u0219i Petre Barbu, care dup\u0103 ce a plantat primul smochin \u00een curte \u0219i a v\u0103zut c\u0103 rode\u0219te, \u0219i-a \u00eencurajat to\u021bi vecinii \u0219i toate rudele s\u0103 fac\u0103 acela\u0219i lucru. \u201e\u00cen general, oamenii \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 unii de la ceilal\u021bi\u201d, spune el.<\/p>\n

Barbu, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de 70 ani, tr\u0103ie\u0219te \u00een satul B\u0103biciu din jude\u021bul Olt, este pensionar \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i ocup\u0103 timpul cu apicultura \u0219i pomicultura. C\u00e2te pu\u021bin, s\u0103 \u00eel \u021bin\u0103 ocupat pe timpul zilei. Poveste\u0219te c\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 acum 7-8 ani, a crescut smochinul sub form\u0103 de tuf\u0103, dar c\u0103 \u00eei degera iarna. Apoi a fost \u00een Croa\u021bia \u0219i a v\u0103zut cum cre\u0219te acolo. Ajuns acas\u0103, a cur\u0103\u021bat tufa \u0219i a l\u0103sat doar trei-patru arbu\u0219ti, care s-au dezvoltat foarte bine.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u00cen fiecare an, \u00eemi asigur\u0103 consumul familial: dulcea\u021b\u0103, fructe proaspete\u201d, spune Barbu. \u201eDe la mine au \u00eemprumutat acest obicei \u0219i al\u021bi veri\u0219ori, vecini. Am smuls c\u00e2te o pl\u0103ntu\u021b\u0103 dintr-asta, le-am dat la fiecare \u0219i au pus fiecare o r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 acas\u0103.\u201d Spune c\u0103 s-a aclimatizat foarte bine smochinul \u00een zon\u0103. Iernile acum sunt bl\u00e2nde \u0219i nu mai deger\u0103. Fructific\u0103 foarte bine, anul acesta a avut o produc\u021bie \u201enemaipomenit\u0103\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Fost inginer \u00een domeniul agricol, Barbu este de p\u0103rere c\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 iriga\u021bii, nu se mai poate cultiva terenul \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103, de\u0219i solul, cernoziom, este unul dintre cele mai fertile. \u201eLa cultura mare, la cereale, acum tr\u0103im la mila domnului\u201d, spune el. \u201eLa ora asta (n.a. sf\u00e2r\u0219it de octombrie), nu s-a \u00eens\u0103m\u00e2n\u021bat dec\u00e2t foarte pu\u021bin, pentru c\u0103 nu se poate prelucra solul. Cu toate c\u0103 mijloacele mecanice pe care le-au cump\u0103rat agricultorii din zon\u0103 prin fonduri europene sunt performante, s\u0103m\u00e2n\u021ba introdus\u0103 la ora asta \u00een sol st\u0103 exact ca \u00een sac, a\u0219teapt\u0103 o ploaie. Efectiv, de mai bine de o lun\u0103 nu a plouat deloc deloc. Deci singura posibilitate de a face produc\u021bii de acum \u00eencolo \u00een aceast\u0103 zon\u0103 a \u021b\u0103rii o reprezint\u0103 irigatul.\u201d<\/p>\n

G\u00e2ndindu-se un pic mai mult care ar fi solu\u021biile, dac\u0103 rezerva de ap\u0103 devine din ce \u00een ce mai redus\u0103, adaug\u0103 c\u0103 \u00een aceste condi\u021bii ar trebui s\u0103 se orienteze c\u0103tre culturi care nu necesit\u0103 cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de ap\u0103 sau care, de exemplu, \u00ee\u0219i termin\u0103 perioada de vegeta\u021bie p\u00e2n\u0103 se instaleaz\u0103 seceta. \u201eDeci p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een iulie trebuie deja recoltate culturile, dac\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2nem \u00een continuare s\u0103 a\u0219tept\u0103m ploaia de la Domnul\u201d, spune Barbu. \u201eAnul \u0103sta am avut temperaturi \u00een zona asta de 42 de grade la umbr\u0103. Se usca totul.\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u201eParadis agricol dintr-un de\u0219ert\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u201eAve\u021bi toate motivele s\u0103 fi\u021bi m\u00e2ndri de o realizare extraordinar\u0103, crearea unui paradis agricol dintr-un de\u0219ert. Felicit\u0103ri!\u201d scria Robert McNamara, pre\u0219edintele BIRD (Banca Interna\u021bional\u0103 pentru Reconstruc\u021bie \u015fi Dezvoltare), \u00een 1979 \u00een cartea de impresii a sta\u021biunii de cercetare de la D\u0103buleni.<\/p>\n

\u201eDeci asta e concluzia a ceea ce s-a f\u0103cut la D\u0103buleni\u201d, spune directoarea cu m\u00e2ndrie despre activitatea sta\u021biunii. Vizita lui McNamara venea la zece ani dup\u0103 \u00eenceperea unui proiect complex care, prin nivelarea terenurilor, cultivarea de specii care s\u0103 \u00eembog\u0103\u021beasc\u0103 solul \u00een materie organic\u0103, aducerea iriga\u021biilor \u0219i plantarea a 2.000 de kilometri de perdele de protec\u021bie pe 80.000 de hectare de terenuri nisipoase, a schimbat total zona. Ajunseser\u0103 s\u0103 se cultive cartofi, o cultur\u0103 de zon\u0103 umed\u0103, ap\u0103ruser\u0103 specii de pomi fructiferi care \u00eenainte nu cre\u0219teau la D\u0103buleni precum cai\u0219i, piersici, cire\u0219i, vi\u0219ini, \u0219i multe legume. Tomatele se cultivau \u00een micro, \u00een fiecare curte.<\/p>\n

De atunci \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 azi, sistemul de iriga\u021bii nu mai func\u021bioneaz\u0103, iar perdelele forestiere au fost distruse \u00een mare parte. Doar sta\u021biunea a r\u0103mas, \u00eencerc\u00e2nd \u00een continuare s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 solu\u021bii de adaptare. Cu resurse mai limitate \u0219i temperaturi care cresc \u00een anumite luni cu c\u00e2te un grad dou\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de media multi-anual\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1990, sta\u021biunea avea 800 de angaja\u021bi, acum au mai r\u0103mas 82. \u201eCercetarea are mult de lucru, un rol foarte mare, \u0219i mul\u021bi nu mai \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 aceast\u0103 meserie pentru c\u0103 merg undeva unde e mai u\u0219or\u201d, spune Diaconu.<\/p>\n

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Nici ea nu a vrut s\u0103 se fac\u0103 agronom. \u00cei pl\u0103ceau literatura \u0219i limbile str\u0103ine. A intrat \u00eens\u0103 la facultatea de agronomie \u0219i i-a fost greu s\u0103 mai renun\u021be dup\u0103 aceea. \u201e\u00cemi pl\u0103cea \u0219i biologia, \u00eemi pl\u0103ceau plantele \u0219i a\u0219 fi vrut cercetare\u201d, \u00ee\u0219i aduce ea aminte. A primit reparti\u021bie fix la D\u0103buleni, dar c\u00e2t era \u00een stagiu, a venit revolu\u021bia \u0219i nu s-a mai \u021binut cont. A lucrat la o ferm\u0103 zootehnic\u0103 din Am\u0103r\u0103\u0219tii de Jos, apoi la sta\u021biunea cartofului de la M\u00e2r\u0219ani, pentru ca \u00een 2006, la 20 de ani de la reparti\u021bia guvernamental\u0103, s\u0103 ajung\u0103 director la sta\u021biunea din D\u0103buleni.<\/p>\n

\u201eAm r\u0103mas \u00een zon\u0103 \u0219i asta le spun tinerilor cercet\u0103tori, c\u0103 pot s\u0103 se realizeze aici la ei acas\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103-\u0219i g\u0103seasc\u0103 locul aici\u201d, continu\u0103 ea. Mul\u021bi, \u00eens\u0103, pleac\u0103 \u00een ora\u0219e mai mari, chiar dac\u0103 fac altceva. \u201eMai sunt pu\u021bini cei care trebuie s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 solu\u021bii, pentru c\u0103 noi avem un rol foarte, foarte important, acela de a g\u0103si solu\u021bii.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mai departe de solu\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103, ar trebui s\u0103 intervin\u0103 fermierii. Sta\u021biunea nu are nici puterea, nici banii necesari s\u0103 duc\u0103 totul p\u00e2n\u0103 la cap\u0103t. \u201eEu nu pot s\u0103 le fac pe toate ca sta\u021biune, eu dau solu\u021bii, le ofer material pentru plantare, le ofer tehnologie, dar ca s\u0103 cultiv eu, s\u0103 asigur tot necesarul de cartof dulce \u00een Rom\u00e2nia? Nu pot, nu pot mai mult\u201d, spune Diaconu.<\/p>\n

Are \u00eencredere \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 fuziunea va avea loc \u2013 dar totul vine cu pa\u0219i m\u0103run\u021bi. La \u00eenceput, omul trebuie s\u0103-l guste, s\u0103 se conving\u0103. \u00cei place, pune \u00een ghiveci, apoi mai mul\u021bi \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103. Mai d\u0103 \u0219i la vecini. Rezultatele se v\u0103d \u0219i \u00een cur\u00e2nd surplusul \u00eel vinde la tarab\u0103. Dup\u0103 10 de ani test\u0103ri, cartoful dulce se g\u0103se\u0219te \u00een mai multe ferme. Mai mici, c\u0103 legumele nu se pun pe sute de hectare.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u0218i solu\u021biile noastre se v\u0103d \u00een timp. Cercetarea \u00een agricultur\u0103 are rolul ei. Iar fuziunea se face, dar se face treptat. Nu po\u021bi s\u0103 impui omului.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Schimb\u0103ri climatice. Dou\u0103 cuvinte auzite din ce \u00een ce mai des \u00een ultima vreme \u0219i motiv de \u00eengrijorare pentru \u00eentreaga umanitate. Internetul este plin de studii \u0219tiin\u021bifice care explic\u0103 ce sunt \u0219i cum se manifest\u0103. \u0218tirile\u00a0prezint\u0103 statistici din ce \u00een ce mai\u00a0alarmante. Cum\u00a0se v\u0103d \u00eens\u0103 aceste date concret\u00a0\u0219i cum afecteaz\u0103 oamenii din Rom\u00e2nia, la nivel personal, de comunitate local\u0103 sau chiar na\u021bional?<\/em><\/p>\n

Serialul \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 abordeze diferit schimb\u0103rile climatice,\u00a0dincolo\u00a0de simple statistici \u0219i cifre. S\u0103 pun\u0103 \u00een prim-plan oamenii afecta\u021bi. Acesta documenteaz\u0103 cum sunt resim\u021bite modific\u0103rile climei \u00een via\u021ba de zi cu zi a cinci comunit\u0103\u021bi diferite din Rom\u00e2nia, discut\u00e2nd cu oamenii at\u00e2t despre provoc\u0103rile cu care se confrunt\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i despre solu\u021biile pe care le-au descoperit \u00een \u00eencercarea de a se adapta.<\/em><\/p>\n

Fiecare episod prezint\u0103 o comunitate diferit\u0103: Jurilovca, o comun\u0103 din Delta Dun\u0103rii \u00een care, pe vremuri, majoritatea oamenilor erau pescari; Vatra Dornei, un ora\u0219 al c\u0103rui turism de iarn\u0103 depinde de c\u00e2t ninge \u0219i c\u00e2nd; Bucure\u0219ti, o aglomerare urban\u0103 \u00een care vara face ravagii printre suferinzii de alergii sau boli cardio-respiratorii; F\u00e2nt\u00e2nele, un sat din jude\u021bul Constan\u021ba care s-a trezit \u00een mijlocul unui parc de eoliene; D\u0103buleni \u0219i sudul Olteniei, zona care se lupt\u0103 s\u0103 fac\u0103 terenurile nisipoase s\u0103 rodeasc\u0103.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Din acela\u0219i serial<\/span><\/h1>\n

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